Bulevirtide
Brand names: Hepcludex
Bulevirtide is a subcutaneous entry inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis delta (hepatitis D) infection with compensated liver disease.
Adult dose
Paediatric dose
Dose adjustments
No dose adjustment is stated and no studies have been done. UK SPC section 4.2: 'No studies have been conducted with bulevirtide in patients with renal impairment. Renal function should be carefully monitored. Elevation of bile salts may occur during treatment. Due to renal excretion of bile salts, elevation of bile salts may be greater in patients with renal impairment.'
'No dose adjustment is required for patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh-Turcotte class A). The safety and efficacy of bulevirtide in patients with decompensated cirrhosis have not been established' (UK SPC section 4.2); section 4.4 adds that 'the use in patients with decompensated liver disease is not recommended'.
Dose independently re-sourced from UK Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) via the eMC; US FDA prescribing information (openFDA / DailyMed) — cross-check; US labelling may differ from UK — clinician-reviewed. Always confirm against the product SmPC and your local formulary before prescribing.
Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients (UK SPC section 4.3 — this is the only contraindication listed)
- Not a contraindication but an explicit restriction (section 4.4): use in patients with decompensated liver disease is not recommended, as pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy in decompensated cirrhosis have not been established
Side effects
- Very common (section 4.8): total bile salts increased; headache; pruritus; injection site reactions (including injection site erythema, reaction, pain, induration, swelling, rash, haematoma, pruritus and dermatitis)
- Common: eosinophilia; dizziness; nausea; arthralgia; fatigue; influenza like illness
- Uncommon: hypersensitivity, including anaphylactic reaction (identified through post-marketing surveillance)
- Most frequently reported SERIOUS reaction: 'an exacerbation of hepatitis after discontinuation of bulevirtide, possibly related to virologic rebound after discontinuation of treatment'
- Bile salt elevations are 'associated with the mechanism of action of bulevirtide', were 'usually asymptomatic and reversible upon treatment discontinuation', and may be greater in renal impairment
- This side-effect list may be incomplete — check the full SPC.
Interactions
- Medicines that inhibit the bulevirtide target NTCP (sodium-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide) — 'The co-administration of such medicinal products (e.g. sulfasalazin, irbesartan, ezetimibe, ritonavir, and ciclosporin A) is not recommended' (section 4.5)
- NTCP substrates (e.g. estrone-3-sulfate, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and thyroid hormones) — 'close clinical monitoring is warranted' and 'When possible, co-administration of these substrates should be avoided' (section 4.5)
- OATP1B1/1B3 substrates (e.g. atorvastatin, bosentan, docetaxel, fexofenadine, glecaprevir, glyburide/glibenclamide, grazoprevir, nateglinide, paclitaxel, paritaprevir, pitavastatin...) — in vitro inhibition of OATP1B1/3 was seen only at a concentration reached in vivo after high bulevirtide doses, of unknown clinical relevance, so 'close clinical monitoring is warranted' as a precaution (section 4.5)
- ⚠️ Section 4.5 is cut off at the source-fetch limit part-way through the OATP substrate list — this list is incomplete
Monitoring
- HBV DNA — 'The underlying HBV infection should be simultaneously managed according to current treatment guidelines... Close monitoring of HBV DNA levels is recommended' (section 4.4)
- After stopping treatment: 'careful monitoring of hepatic function with both clinical and laboratory follow-up should be performed for at least 6 months after discontinuation, including monitoring transaminase levels, as well as HBV DNA and HDV-RNA viral load' — discontinuation 'may lead to reactivation of HDV and HBV infections and severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis, especially in patients with cirrhosis' (section 4.4)
- Renal function — 'Renal function should be carefully monitored' as no renal-impairment studies exist (section 4.2)
- Total bile salts, which rise very commonly on treatment and may rise further in renal impairment (sections 4.2 and 4.8)
- Injection sites, and injection technique training, to minimise injection site reactions (section 4.2)
- Response to treatment, which determines duration; consider stopping on sustained (6 months) HBsAg seroconversion or loss of virological and biochemical response (section 4.2)
Clinical monograph
How it works
It binds and blocks the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) receptor on hepatocytes, preventing entry of hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus into liver cells.
Prescribing in practice
- Because NTCP is also a bile-acid transporter, bulevirtide causes a dose-related rise in serum bile-acid levels, so it should not be combined with other NTCP-inhibiting medicines.
- It should be initiated and supervised by a physician experienced in managing chronic viral hepatitis.
- Concurrent hepatitis B should be assessed and managed, and the drug is not recommended in decompensated cirrhosis.
Monitoring
Monitor hepatitis delta RNA and liver biochemistry for response, and review the expected rise in bile-acid concentrations.
Counselling the patient
- This medicine is given as a daily injection under the skin and you will be taught the technique.
- Itching can occur because of changes in bile salts in the blood.
- Keep attending for blood tests so the team can check how well the treatment is working.
Evidence & guidelines
Antiviral and biochemical responses in chronic hepatitis delta were shown in the MYR301 phase 3 study.
Reference: NICE TA evaluation; EASL HDV guidelines; SmPC; Confirm identity and dosing against the manufacturer SPC (eMC) and NICE. Verify against your local formulary and current prescribing references before prescribing. The structured dose values shown have been reviewed by a clinician. Monograph status: clinician-reviewed (2026-07-04).
Related
Curated clinical cross-links plus same-class fallbacks.
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- Lille Model (Steroid Response in Alcoholic Hepatitis) · Alcoholic Liver Disease
- FIB-4 Index · Liver Fibrosis
- Maddrey's Discriminant Function for Alcoholic Hepatitis · Hepatology
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- Malaria — Diagnosis & Management · PHE 2016; WHO 2023