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Hepatitis D virus entry inhibitor Pregnancy: UK SPC section 4.6: 'There are no or limited amount of data from the use of bulevirtide in pregnant women. Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity. As a precautious measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of bulevirtide during pregnancy and in women of child-bearing potential not using contraception.' Breast-feeding: 'It is unknown whether bulevirtide is excreted in human milk. Therefore, a decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue / abstain from treatment with bulevirtide, taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.' Fertility: no human data; no effect on mating or fertility in animals.

Bulevirtide

Brand names: Hepcludex

Bulevirtide is a subcutaneous entry inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis delta (hepatitis D) infection with compensated liver disease.

Adult dose

Dose: Chronic hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection, adults — 2 mg once daily by subcutaneous injection, 'as monotherapy or in co-administration with a nucleoside/nucleotide analogue for treatment of underlying hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection'
Route: Subcutaneous injection — 'For subcutaneous use only. Bulevirtide may be injected into sites such as the upper thigh, or abdomen.' Patients or carers who administer it themselves must be trained to minimise injection site reactions and must follow the 'Step-by-step injection guide' provided in the carton. Reconstitute before administration as directed in section 6.6 of the SPC (that section was not retrieved in this bundle).
Frequency: Once daily, every 24 hours plus or minus 4 hours
Max: 2 mg once daily — the SPC gives a single recommended adult dose ('The recommended dose of bulevirtide in adult patients is 2 mg once daily') and states no separate maximum or higher dose; the highest paediatric band is also 2 mg once daily.
Verbatim source wording (UK SPC section 4.2): 'Bulevirtide should be administered once daily (every 24 hours ± 4 hours) by subcutaneous injection as monotherapy or in co-administration with a nucleoside/nucleotide analogue for treatment of underlying hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The recommended dose of bulevirtide in adult patients is 2 mg once daily.' INITIATION: 'Treatment should be initiated only by a physician experienced in the treatment of patients with HDV infection.' DURATION: 'The optimal treatment duration is unknown. Treatment should be continued as long as associated with clinical benefit. Consideration to discontinue the treatment should be given in case of sustained (6 months) HBsAg seroconversion or loss of virological and biochemical response.' MISSED DOSES: if less than 4 hours have elapsed since the scheduled time, inject as soon as possible and then return to the usual schedule the following day; if more than 4 hours have elapsed, 'the missed dose should not be administered' and the next injection takes place at the usual time the next day 'without doubling'. ⚠️ US/UK DIVERGENCE — DO NOT 'CORRECT' THE 2 mg FIGURE: the openFDA cross-check in this bundle is the US HEPCLUDEX label (Gilead Sciences, label date 2026-05-22), which recommends 8.5 mg once daily and supplies an 8.5 mg single-dose vial. That is US labelling for a different vial presentation and is NOT the UK/EU regimen; the UK SPC product is a 2 mg vial dosed at 2 mg once daily, and only the UK figure is published here. Some sections of the product information we used were incomplete — check the full SPC.

Paediatric dose

Route: Subcutaneous injection (upper thigh or abdomen)
Frequency: Once daily, every 24 hours plus or minus 4 hours
Max: 2 mg once daily — the top weight band (35 kg and above) receives the same dose as an adult; no higher paediatric dose is given
Concentration: 2 mg/ml
The SPC doses children by WEIGHT BAND, not by mg/kg, so no per-kg figure exists and none has been invented. Verbatim source wording (UK SPC section 4.2, 'Dosing for paediatric patients using bulevirtide 2 mg powder for solution for injection'), given as body weight / volume of reconstituted solution / bulevirtide daily dose: '10 kg to < 25 kg' — '0.5 ml' — '1 mg'; '25 kg to < 35 kg' — '0.75 ml' — '1.5 mg'; '35 kg and above' — '1 ml' — '2 mg'. The concentration figure of 2 recorded above is mg per ml of the RECONSTITUTED 2 mg vial, read directly from that table (1 ml delivers 2 mg) — confirm it against the reconstitution instructions in section 6.6, which were not retrieved in this bundle. POPULATION: 'The recommended dosage of bulevirtide for paediatric patients 3 years of age and older weighing at least 10 kg with compensated liver disease is based on population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling and simulation'; 'The safety and efficacy of bulevirtide in patients younger than 18 years of age have not been established in clinical studies.' The US label states plainly that 'the safety and effectiveness of HEPCLUDEX in pediatric patients less than 18 years of age have not been established'. Verify against a children's formulary and a specialist paediatric hepatology service before use.

Dose adjustments

Renal

No dose adjustment is stated and no studies have been done. UK SPC section 4.2: 'No studies have been conducted with bulevirtide in patients with renal impairment. Renal function should be carefully monitored. Elevation of bile salts may occur during treatment. Due to renal excretion of bile salts, elevation of bile salts may be greater in patients with renal impairment.'

Hepatic

'No dose adjustment is required for patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh-Turcotte class A). The safety and efficacy of bulevirtide in patients with decompensated cirrhosis have not been established' (UK SPC section 4.2); section 4.4 adds that 'the use in patients with decompensated liver disease is not recommended'.

Dose independently re-sourced from UK Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) via the eMC; US FDA prescribing information (openFDA / DailyMed) — cross-check; US labelling may differ from UK — clinician-reviewed. Always confirm against the product SmPC and your local formulary before prescribing.

Contraindications

  • Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients (UK SPC section 4.3 — this is the only contraindication listed)
  • Not a contraindication but an explicit restriction (section 4.4): use in patients with decompensated liver disease is not recommended, as pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy in decompensated cirrhosis have not been established

Side effects

  • Very common (section 4.8): total bile salts increased; headache; pruritus; injection site reactions (including injection site erythema, reaction, pain, induration, swelling, rash, haematoma, pruritus and dermatitis)
  • Common: eosinophilia; dizziness; nausea; arthralgia; fatigue; influenza like illness
  • Uncommon: hypersensitivity, including anaphylactic reaction (identified through post-marketing surveillance)
  • Most frequently reported SERIOUS reaction: 'an exacerbation of hepatitis after discontinuation of bulevirtide, possibly related to virologic rebound after discontinuation of treatment'
  • Bile salt elevations are 'associated with the mechanism of action of bulevirtide', were 'usually asymptomatic and reversible upon treatment discontinuation', and may be greater in renal impairment
  • This side-effect list may be incomplete — check the full SPC.

Interactions

  • Medicines that inhibit the bulevirtide target NTCP (sodium-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide) — 'The co-administration of such medicinal products (e.g. sulfasalazin, irbesartan, ezetimibe, ritonavir, and ciclosporin A) is not recommended' (section 4.5)
  • NTCP substrates (e.g. estrone-3-sulfate, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and thyroid hormones) — 'close clinical monitoring is warranted' and 'When possible, co-administration of these substrates should be avoided' (section 4.5)
  • OATP1B1/1B3 substrates (e.g. atorvastatin, bosentan, docetaxel, fexofenadine, glecaprevir, glyburide/glibenclamide, grazoprevir, nateglinide, paclitaxel, paritaprevir, pitavastatin...) — in vitro inhibition of OATP1B1/3 was seen only at a concentration reached in vivo after high bulevirtide doses, of unknown clinical relevance, so 'close clinical monitoring is warranted' as a precaution (section 4.5)
  • ⚠️ Section 4.5 is cut off at the source-fetch limit part-way through the OATP substrate list — this list is incomplete

Monitoring

  • HBV DNA — 'The underlying HBV infection should be simultaneously managed according to current treatment guidelines... Close monitoring of HBV DNA levels is recommended' (section 4.4)
  • After stopping treatment: 'careful monitoring of hepatic function with both clinical and laboratory follow-up should be performed for at least 6 months after discontinuation, including monitoring transaminase levels, as well as HBV DNA and HDV-RNA viral load' — discontinuation 'may lead to reactivation of HDV and HBV infections and severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis, especially in patients with cirrhosis' (section 4.4)
  • Renal function — 'Renal function should be carefully monitored' as no renal-impairment studies exist (section 4.2)
  • Total bile salts, which rise very commonly on treatment and may rise further in renal impairment (sections 4.2 and 4.8)
  • Injection sites, and injection technique training, to minimise injection site reactions (section 4.2)
  • Response to treatment, which determines duration; consider stopping on sustained (6 months) HBsAg seroconversion or loss of virological and biochemical response (section 4.2)

Clinical monograph

How it works

It binds and blocks the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) receptor on hepatocytes, preventing entry of hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus into liver cells.

Prescribing in practice

  • Because NTCP is also a bile-acid transporter, bulevirtide causes a dose-related rise in serum bile-acid levels, so it should not be combined with other NTCP-inhibiting medicines.
  • It should be initiated and supervised by a physician experienced in managing chronic viral hepatitis.
  • Concurrent hepatitis B should be assessed and managed, and the drug is not recommended in decompensated cirrhosis.

Monitoring

Monitor hepatitis delta RNA and liver biochemistry for response, and review the expected rise in bile-acid concentrations.

Counselling the patient

  • This medicine is given as a daily injection under the skin and you will be taught the technique.
  • Itching can occur because of changes in bile salts in the blood.
  • Keep attending for blood tests so the team can check how well the treatment is working.

Evidence & guidelines

Antiviral and biochemical responses in chronic hepatitis delta were shown in the MYR301 phase 3 study.

Reference: NICE TA evaluation; EASL HDV guidelines; SmPC; Confirm identity and dosing against the manufacturer SPC (eMC) and NICE. Verify against your local formulary and current prescribing references before prescribing. The structured dose values shown have been reviewed by a clinician. Monograph status: clinician-reviewed (2026-07-04).

Related

Curated clinical cross-links plus same-class fallbacks.