Alpha-1 Proteinase Inhibitor
Brand names: Respreeza (human alpha-1-antitrypsin)
Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor is a plasma-derived replacement protein used as augmentation therapy in patients with severe alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and associated emphysema.
Adult dose
Dose independently re-sourced from UK Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) via the eMC — clinician-reviewed. Always confirm against the product SmPC and your local formulary before prescribing.
Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1
- IgA deficient patients with known antibodies against IgA, due to the risk of severe hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions
Side effects
- Hypersensitivity or allergic reactions have been observed during treatment; in the most serious cases they may progress to severe anaphylactic reactions even when the patient has shown no hypersensitivity to previous administrations
- Common: dizziness, headache, dyspnoea, nausea, urticaria and rash (including exfoliative and generalized), asthenia, infusion-site reactions (including infusion site haematoma)
- Uncommon: lymph node pain, hypersensitivity reactions (including tachycardia, hypotension, confusion, syncope, decreased oxygen consumption and pharyngeal oedema), paraesthesia, eye swelling, flushing, lip swelling, hyperhidrosis, pruritus, chest pain, chills, pyrexia
- Very rare: hypoaesthesia, face swelling
- Frequency not known (post-marketing): anaphylactic reactions
- Product is prepared from human plasma — despite donor selection, screening of individual donations and plasma pools, and effective viral inactivation/removal manufacturing steps, the possibility of transmitting infective agents cannot be totally excluded, including unknown or emerging viruses and other pathogens
Monitoring
- During the first infusions the patient's clinical state, including vital signs, should be closely monitored throughout the infusion period (§4.4)
- Adhere to the recommended infusion rate of about 0.08 ml/kg body weight/min; slow or stop the infusion if a reaction occurs that may be related to administration
- Watch for hypersensitivity — reactions may occur even in patients who have tolerated previous treatment with human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor. The product may contain trace amounts of IgA, so patients with selective or severe IgA deficiency can develop antibodies to IgA and have a greater risk of potentially severe hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions. Suspected allergic or anaphylactic reactions may require immediate discontinuation; in case of shock, give emergency medical treatment
- Patients on home-treatment/self-administration should be informed of the signs of hypersensitivity reactions, and their use reviewed at regular intervals
- Record the product name and batch number at every administration (traceability of biological medicinal products)
Clinical monograph
How it works
It supplements deficient circulating alpha-1 antitrypsin, restoring protease-antiprotease balance and limiting neutrophil-elastase-mediated destruction of lung tissue.
Prescribing in practice
- As a human plasma-derived product it carries a theoretical risk of transmissible infection and may cause hypersensitivity reactions, so administer where these can be managed.
- It is given by intravenous infusion, typically on a regular scheduled basis.
- Use is restricted to confirmed severe deficiency with demonstrable lung disease rather than deficiency alone.
Monitoring
Monitor for infusion-related and hypersensitivity reactions during administration and review respiratory status over time.
Counselling the patient
- This treatment replaces a protein you are missing and is given by a drip.
- Report rash, fever, breathlessness or other reactions during or after infusion.
- Smoking cessation remains essential to protect your lungs.
Evidence & guidelines
Augmentation therapy is supported in confirmed severe alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency per specialist respiratory guidance and the SPC.
Reference: NICE EAMS (Respreeza assessment); RAPID trial (Lancet 2015); Alpha-1 Foundation guidelines; ERS Statement on AATD (Eur Respir J 2017); Confirm identity and dosing against the manufacturer SPC (eMC) and NICE. Verify against your local formulary and current prescribing references before prescribing. The structured dose values shown have been reviewed by a clinician. Monograph status: clinician-reviewed (2026-07-04).
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