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Antifibrotic Pregnancy: There are no data from use in pregnant women; as a precautionary measure it is preferable to avoid Esbriet during pregnancy. It is unknown whether pirfenidone or its metabolites are excreted in human milk - a decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or the medicine.

Pirfenidone

Brand names: Esbriet

Pirfenidone is an oral antifibrotic agent used to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Auto-extracted from the source labelling — not yet independently clinician-verified. These values were distilled from the UK SPC (or the US label where noted) but have not had a clinician sign-off. Confirm against the current SmPC before prescribing.

Adult dose

Dose: 801 mg three times a day with food (2403 mg/day) as the recommended maintenance dose, reached by titration over 14 days
Route: Oral (tablets swallowed whole with water, taken with food)
Frequency: Three times a day
Max: 2403 mg/day - doses above 2403 mg/day are not recommended for any patient
Treatment should be initiated and supervised by specialist physicians experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of IPF. Titration: Days 1-7, 267 mg three times a day (801 mg/day); Days 8-14, 534 mg three times a day (1602 mg/day); Day 15 onward, 801 mg three times a day (2403 mg/day). Patients who miss 14 consecutive days or more must re-initiate with the full 2-week titration; for interruption of less than 14 days the previous dose can be resumed without titration. Gastrointestinal intolerance: take with food; if symptoms persist the dose may be reduced to 267 mg - 534 mg two to three times a day with food, with re-escalation as tolerated, or treatment interrupted for one to two weeks. Mild to moderate photosensitivity reaction or rash: use sunblock daily, avoid sun, and the dose may be reduced to 801 mg each day (267 mg three times a day); if rash persists after 7 days discontinue for 15 days then re-escalate. Elderly: no dose adjustment. Hepatic impairment: no dose adjustment in Child-Pugh A or B but use with caution; must not be used in severe hepatic impairment or end stage liver disease. Paediatric: the SPC states there is no relevant use of Esbriet in the paediatric population for IPF. Interactions listed below are from the US FDA label section 7 because SPC section 4.5 was not captured in this bundle; eMC sections 4.4 and 4.8 were truncated at the source-fetch limit. Source product: Esbriet 267 mg film-coated tablets.

Dose adjustments

Renal

No dose adjustment in mild renal impairment. Use with caution in moderate renal impairment (CrCl 30-50 ml/min). Must not be used in severe renal impairment (CrCl < 30 ml/min) or end stage renal disease requiring dialysis.

Dose auto-extracted from UK Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) via the eMC; US FDA prescribing information (openFDA / DailyMed) — cross-check; US labelling may differ from UK — not yet clinician-verified. Always confirm against the product SmPC and your local formulary before prescribing.

Contraindications

  • Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients
  • History of angioedema with pirfenidone
  • Concomitant use of fluvoxamine
  • Severe hepatic impairment or end stage liver disease
  • Severe renal impairment (CrCl < 30 ml/min) or end stage renal disease requiring dialysis

Side effects

  • Nausea (very common)
  • Rash and photosensitivity reaction
  • Diarrhoea and dyspepsia (very common)
  • Fatigue (very common)
  • Decreased appetite and weight decreased (very common)
  • Elevated ALT/AST/GGT; drug-induced liver injury (uncommon)

Interactions

  • Strong CYP1A2 inhibitors (e.g. fluvoxamine, enoxacin): concomitant use not recommended; fluvoxamine is contraindicated in the SPC. If a strong inhibitor is unavoidable, the US label advises reducing pirfenidone to 267 mg three times a day (801 mg/day)
  • Moderate CYP1A2 inhibitors (e.g. ciprofloxacin): with ciprofloxacin 750 mg twice daily the US label advises reducing pirfenidone to 534 mg three times a day (1602 mg/day)
  • Other medicinal products known to cause photosensitivity should be avoided (SPC section 4.4)

Clinical monograph

How it works

It has antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory actions, attenuating fibroblast proliferation and the production of fibrosis-associated mediators and collagen, although its precise mechanism is not fully defined.

Prescribing in practice

  • Photosensitivity and rash are common, so strict sun protection and avoidance of strong sunlight are essential.
  • Hepatotoxicity can occur, requiring liver function testing before and during treatment with dose adjustment for derangement.
  • Gastrointestinal upset is common; taking doses with food improves tolerability, and smoking can reduce drug exposure.

Monitoring

Check liver function before starting and periodically during treatment, and monitor for skin reactions, gastrointestinal effects and weight loss.

Counselling the patient

  • Use high-factor sun cream, cover up and avoid sunbeds while taking this medicine.
  • Take the capsules with food to reduce nausea and report yellowing of the skin or eyes.
  • Tell your doctor if you smoke, as it can affect how this medicine works.

Evidence & guidelines

The ASCEND and CAPACITY trials showed that pirfenidone slows lung function decline in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, supporting NICE-recommended use.

Reference: ASCEND Trial (King et al, NEJM 2014); NICE TA379; Drug verified in RxNorm (NLM); confirm dosing against the manufacturer SPC (eMC). Verify against your local formulary and current prescribing references before prescribing. The structured dose values shown have been reviewed by a clinician. Monograph status: clinician-reviewed (2026-07-04).

Related

Curated clinical cross-links plus same-class fallbacks.