Pirfenidone
Brand names: Esbriet
Pirfenidone is an oral antifibrotic agent used to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Adult dose
Dose adjustments
No dose adjustment in mild renal impairment. Use with caution in moderate renal impairment (CrCl 30-50 ml/min). Must not be used in severe renal impairment (CrCl < 30 ml/min) or end stage renal disease requiring dialysis.
Dose auto-extracted from UK Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) via the eMC; US FDA prescribing information (openFDA / DailyMed) — cross-check; US labelling may differ from UK — not yet clinician-verified. Always confirm against the product SmPC and your local formulary before prescribing.
Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients
- History of angioedema with pirfenidone
- Concomitant use of fluvoxamine
- Severe hepatic impairment or end stage liver disease
- Severe renal impairment (CrCl < 30 ml/min) or end stage renal disease requiring dialysis
Side effects
- Nausea (very common)
- Rash and photosensitivity reaction
- Diarrhoea and dyspepsia (very common)
- Fatigue (very common)
- Decreased appetite and weight decreased (very common)
- Elevated ALT/AST/GGT; drug-induced liver injury (uncommon)
Interactions
- Strong CYP1A2 inhibitors (e.g. fluvoxamine, enoxacin): concomitant use not recommended; fluvoxamine is contraindicated in the SPC. If a strong inhibitor is unavoidable, the US label advises reducing pirfenidone to 267 mg three times a day (801 mg/day)
- Moderate CYP1A2 inhibitors (e.g. ciprofloxacin): with ciprofloxacin 750 mg twice daily the US label advises reducing pirfenidone to 534 mg three times a day (1602 mg/day)
- Other medicinal products known to cause photosensitivity should be avoided (SPC section 4.4)
Clinical monograph
How it works
It has antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory actions, attenuating fibroblast proliferation and the production of fibrosis-associated mediators and collagen, although its precise mechanism is not fully defined.
Prescribing in practice
- Photosensitivity and rash are common, so strict sun protection and avoidance of strong sunlight are essential.
- Hepatotoxicity can occur, requiring liver function testing before and during treatment with dose adjustment for derangement.
- Gastrointestinal upset is common; taking doses with food improves tolerability, and smoking can reduce drug exposure.
Monitoring
Check liver function before starting and periodically during treatment, and monitor for skin reactions, gastrointestinal effects and weight loss.
Counselling the patient
- Use high-factor sun cream, cover up and avoid sunbeds while taking this medicine.
- Take the capsules with food to reduce nausea and report yellowing of the skin or eyes.
- Tell your doctor if you smoke, as it can affect how this medicine works.
Evidence & guidelines
The ASCEND and CAPACITY trials showed that pirfenidone slows lung function decline in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, supporting NICE-recommended use.
Reference: ASCEND Trial (King et al, NEJM 2014); NICE TA379; Drug verified in RxNorm (NLM); confirm dosing against the manufacturer SPC (eMC). Verify against your local formulary and current prescribing references before prescribing. The structured dose values shown have been reviewed by a clinician. Monograph status: clinician-reviewed (2026-07-04).
Related
Curated clinical cross-links plus same-class fallbacks.
- Acute Asthma in Adults · BTS/SIGN British Guideline on Asthma 2019; NICE NG80
- Pulmonary Embolism Assessment · NICE NG158; ESC 2019 PE Guidelines
- Acute Exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) · NICE NG115; GOLD 2024
- Spontaneous Pneumothorax (Adult) · BTS Pleural Disease 2023
- Atypical Pneumonia (Legionella / Mycoplasma / Chlamydophila) · BTS 2023; IDSA
- COPD Exacerbation Management · NICE NG115 / GOLD 2024