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Tricyclic antidepressant / topical antipruritic Pregnancy: Doxepin crosses the placenta. There is insufficient experience in pregnant women, so safety in pregnancy has not been established; animal reproduction studies showed no evidence of harm to the foetus but the relevance to humans is not known. Doxepin and its active metabolite are excreted in breast milk and apnoea and drowsiness have been reported in a nursing infant - use during lactation is contraindicated (SPC 4.6).

Doxepin

Brand names: Sinequan (oral), Xepin (topical)

Doxepin is a tricyclic antidepressant; orally it is used for depression and anxiety, and a topical formulation is used for pruritus.

Auto-extracted from the source labelling — not yet independently clinician-verified. These values were distilled from the UK SPC (or the US label where noted) but have not had a clinician sign-off. Confirm against the current SmPC before prescribing.

Adult dose

Dose: 25-300 mg daily; for most patients with moderate or severe symptoms start at 75 mg daily
Route: Oral
Frequency: Doses up to 100 mg daily may be given on a divided or once-daily schedule (may be given at bedtime); doses over 100 mg daily should be administered in three divided doses
Max: Up to 300 mg daily in divided doses in more severely ill patients; 100 mg is the maximum dose recommended at any one time
Source product is Doxepin 10 mg Capsules (UK SPC, antidepressant indication). The optimum oral dose depends on the severity of the condition and individual response. Many patients respond satisfactorily to 75 mg daily; for those who do not, adjust according to response. Where insomnia is a troublesome symptom, divide the total daily dose so that a higher proportion is given in the evening; if drowsiness is a side effect, use the same regimen or reduce the dose. Once a satisfactory response is obtained it is often possible to reduce the dose for maintenance. The optimal antidepressant effect may not be evident for two to three weeks. Elderly: dose selection should be cautious, starting at the low end of the dosing range; half the normal maintenance dose may be sufficient, and once-a-day dosing in geriatric patients must be adjusted carefully. Hepatic impairment: dosage reduction may be required. Paediatric: safety and efficacy in children under 18 years have not been established. Note that the US label fetched in the same bundle is a different product and indication - low-dose doxepin tablets 3-6 mg once daily within 30 minutes of bedtime for insomnia, total daily dose not to exceed 6 mg - and that 6 mg/day ceiling does not apply to the UK antidepressant SPC dosing above. eMC section 4.5 was not captured in this bundle (section 4.4 truncated at the source-fetch limit), so the interactions listed are mostly from the US label.

Dose adjustments

Renal

Dosage reduction may be required in patients with renal impairment; no numeric adjustment is stated (SPC 4.2).

Dose auto-extracted from UK Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) via the eMC; US FDA prescribing information (openFDA / DailyMed) — cross-check; US labelling may differ from UK — not yet clinician-verified. Always confirm against the product SmPC and your local formulary before prescribing.

Contraindications

  • Hypersensitivity to tricyclic antidepressants, doxepin or any of the excipients
  • Mania
  • Severe liver disease
  • Lactation (breast-feeding)
  • Glaucoma
  • Tendency to urinary retention
  • Co-administration with MAOIs, or MAOI use within the past two weeks (US label section 4.2)

Side effects

  • Drowsiness (common)
  • Dry mouth and constipation (common); nausea, vomiting, indigestion, diarrhoea (frequency not known)
  • Postural hypotension and flushing; tachycardia (frequency not known)
  • Blurred vision (frequency not known); urinary retention (rare)
  • Dizziness, headache, tremor, paraesthesia, dysgeusia (frequency not known); ataxia and convulsions (rare)
  • Psychiatric effects: insomnia, nightmares, mania, confusion, agitation, suicidal ideation and behaviour (frequency not known); hallucinations (rare)
  • Skin rash, facial oedema, photosensitivity, pruritus, urticaria (uncommon); jaundice and blood dyscrasias including agranulocytosis (rare)

Interactions

  • Buprenorphine / opioids - risk of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition; observe the patient carefully, particularly at initiation and dose increases (eMC 4.4)
  • MAO inhibitors - do not administer doxepin if the patient is on an MAOI or has used one within the past two weeks (US label 4.2, 7)
  • Cimetidine - doubles doxepin exposure; a maximum dose of 3 mg is recommended in adults and the elderly for the low-dose US insomnia product when co-administered (US label 7.2)
  • Alcohol - sedative effects may be potentiated (eMC 4.4; US label 7.3)
  • CNS depressants and sedating antihistamines - sedative effects may be potentiated (US label 7.4)
  • CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 inhibitors (and to a lesser extent CYP1A2, CYP2C9) - may increase doxepin exposure (US label 7.1)
  • Other medicines with anticholinergic effects - once-daily dosing must be adjusted carefully (eMC 4.4)
  • Tolazamide - a case of severe hypoglycaemia has been reported (US label 7.5)

Clinical monograph

How it works

It inhibits reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin and has potent antihistaminic and antimuscarinic activity, the latter contributing to its sedative and antipruritic effects.

Prescribing in practice

  • Like other tricyclics, doxepin is cardiotoxic and dangerous in overdose, so it should be used cautiously where suicide risk or cardiac disease is present.
  • Marked sedation and antimuscarinic effects limit use in the elderly and in those with prostatic hypertrophy, glaucoma or arrhythmias.
  • Even topical application can cause significant systemic absorption and drowsiness, so application area and frequency should follow the SPC.

Monitoring

Monitor mood, suicidal ideation, sedation and cardiac and antimuscarinic effects during treatment.

Counselling the patient

  • May cause marked drowsiness; take care with driving and skilled tasks.
  • Report palpitations, fainting or severe dry mouth.
  • Do not exceed the prescribed dose and do not stop suddenly.

Evidence & guidelines

Tricyclic antidepressants are effective for depression but their overdose toxicity is well documented, informing cautious use.

Reference: SmPC Sinequan / Xepin; NICE NG222 (Depression in adults 2022); Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines 14th ed.; Drug verified in RxNorm (NLM); confirm dosing against the manufacturer SPC (eMC). Verify against your local formulary and current prescribing references before prescribing. The structured dose values shown have been reviewed by a clinician. Monograph status: clinician-reviewed (2026-07-04).

Related

Curated clinical cross-links plus same-class fallbacks.