Tryptophan
Brand names: Optimax
Tryptophan is an amino acid precursor of serotonin used as an adjunctive treatment in resistant depression, typically under specialist supervision.
Adult dose
Dose adjustments
No dedicated renal-impairment section was retrieved. The only statement in the fetched §4.2 appears under 'Elderly', verbatim: 'A lower dose may be appropriate, especially where there is evidence of renal or hepatic impairment.' No figure, threshold or eGFR band is given, and no statement at all is made about renal impairment in younger adults. Do not infer a specific reduction.
No dedicated hepatic-impairment section was retrieved. The only statement in the fetched §4.2 appears under 'Elderly', verbatim: 'A lower dose may be appropriate, especially where there is evidence of renal or hepatic impairment.' No figure is given. §4.8 lists 'increase of hepatic transaminases' among the reported features of eosinophilia myalgia syndrome. Do not infer a specific reduction.
Dose independently re-sourced from UK Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) via the eMC; US FDA prescribing information (openFDA / DailyMed) — cross-check; US labelling may differ from UK — clinician-reviewed. Always confirm against the product SmPC and your local formulary before prescribing.
Contraindications
- §4.3 verbatim: 'Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.'
- §4.3 verbatim: 'Patients with a previous history of eosinophilia myalgia syndrome (EMS) following the use of L-tryptophan. This syndrome, which is a multisystem disorder, is characterised by raised eosinophils (>1.0 x 10^9/L), and severe myalgia in the absence of either an infectious or neoplastic cause.'
- §4.3 verbatim: 'Patients with a known hypersensitivity to the active substance or any of the excipients.'
- Not a §4.3 contraindication but a §4.6 instruction: 'Due to the absence of any clinical data relating to the use of Optimax in nursing mothers, Optimax should not be taken during breast feeding.'
- The MAOI sentence sits in §4.5, which is truncated at the source-fetch limit before its advice is stated, and §4.6 says only that 'Caution should be exercised when prescribing to pregnant women'. Do not present either as a contraindication on the strength of this bundle.
Side effects
- §4.8 verbatim: 'In some patients, L-tryptophan may cause a slight feeling of nausea which usually disappears within 2 or 3 days. Such nausea can be minimised by giving L-tryptophan after food. Other adverse reactions include headache and light-headedness.'
- Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome (EMS), frequency not known — §4.4 verbatim: 'Eosinophilia Myalgia Syndrome (EMS) has been reported in association with the use of oral L-tryptophan-containing products. It is a multisystem disorder which is usually reversible but, rarely, fatal.'
- Reported features of EMS, §4.4 verbatim: 'eosinophilia, arthralgia, myalgia, myopathy, fever, dyspnoea, neuropathy, sedation, somnolence, drowsiness, peripheral oedema, asthenia, fatigue, increase of hepatic transaminases, rash and skin lesions which can include sclerosis or papular and urticarial lesions.'
- Suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviours, frequency not known — §4.8: 'Cases of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviours (frequency not known) have been reported during L-tryptophan therapy or early after treatment discontinuation.'
- §4.8 tabulated, all frequency 'Not known': eosinophilia myalgia syndrome; suicidal ideation; suicidal behaviours; headache; light-headedness; somnolence; sedation; oedema; myalgia; nausea; asthenia; fatigue; myopathy
- Serotonin syndrome with 5HT reuptake inhibitors, §4.4: 'characterised by a combination of agitation, restlessness and gastro-intestinal symptoms including diarrhoea'
- §4.8 notes on EMS frequency: 'The frequency of these events is unclear from the available data but no further new reported instances have appeared for over 20 years.'
Monitoring
- §4.4 verbatim: 'Close supervision of patients and in particular those at high risk should accompany drug therapy especially in early treatment and following dose changes.'
- §4.4 verbatim: 'As improvement may not occur during the first few weeks or more of treatment, patients should be closely monitored until such improvement occurs. It is general clinical experience that the risk of suicide may increase in the early stages of recovery.'
- §4.4 verbatim: 'Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be alerted about the need to monitor for any clinical worsening, suicidal behaviour or thoughts and unusual changes in behaviour and to seek medical advice immediately if these symptoms present.' Patients with a history of suicide-related events or significant suicidal ideation before starting 'should receive careful monitoring during treatment'.
- §4.4 verbatim, EMS: 'Caution should be exercised with patients who experience some but not all of the symptoms of EMS after taking L-tryptophan. Treatment should be withheld and the symptoms investigated until the possibility of EMS can be excluded.'
- Eosinophil count is the objective EMS marker named by the SPC: §4.3 defines the syndrome by 'raised eosinophils (>1.0 x 10^9/L), and severe myalgia in the absence of either an infectious or neoplastic cause'. No monitoring interval or routine blood-test schedule is specified anywhere in the fetched text.
- §4.4: use combinations with 5HT reuptake inhibitors only with care, watching for serotonin syndrome.
Clinical monograph
How it works
As a precursor in serotonin biosynthesis, it is thought to enhance central serotonergic activity, supplementing the action of conventional antidepressants.
Prescribing in practice
- It has been associated with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, so it is restricted to specialist use with monitoring and patient registration in line with the SPC.
- Combined with other serotonergic agents it increases the risk of serotonin syndrome.
- Treatment should be reviewed for benefit, and patients monitored for eosinophilia and myalgic symptoms.
Monitoring
Monitor for eosinophilia-myalgia symptoms, including muscle pain and eosinophil count, and for features of serotonin excess.
Counselling the patient
- Report any unexplained muscle pain, weakness or swelling promptly.
- This medicine is used alongside other antidepressants under specialist guidance.
- Tell your doctor about all other medicines you take, especially other antidepressants.
Evidence & guidelines
The association of tryptophan with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome underlies its restricted specialist use, as reflected in MHRA and SPC guidance.
Reference: SmPC; Drug verified in RxNorm (NLM); confirm dosing against the manufacturer SPC (eMC). Verify against your local formulary and current prescribing references before prescribing. The structured dose values shown have been reviewed by a clinician. Monograph status: clinician-reviewed (2026-07-04).
Related
Curated clinical cross-links plus same-class fallbacks.
- Acute Behavioural Disturbance / Rapid Tranquillisation · RCEM 2022; RCPsych 2022; NICE NG10
- Self-Harm Presentation · NICE NG225 (2022)
- Capacity Assessment (Mental Capacity Act) · MCA 2005; Code of Practice
- Acute Psychosis Management · NICE CG178 2014
- Depression Management · NICE CG90 2022
- Lithium Therapy Monitoring · NICE CG185