Pilocarpine 2% Eye Drops
Brand names: Minims Pilocarpine
Pilocarpine eye drops are a topical cholinergic (muscarinic agonist) miotic used to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma and to constrict the pupil, including in the management of acute angle-closure glaucoma.
Adult dose
Paediatric dose
Dose adjustments
No renal dose adjustment is stated anywhere in the retrieved SPC sections.
No hepatic dose adjustment is stated anywhere in the retrieved SPC sections.
Dose independently re-sourced from UK Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) via the eMC — clinician-reviewed. Always confirm against the product SmPC and your local formulary before prescribing.
Contraindications
- Conditions where pupillary constriction is undesirable e.g. acute iritis, anterior uveitis and some forms of secondary glaucoma
- Patients with soft contact lenses should not use this preparation
- Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1
- Caution (not an absolute contraindication) is 'particularly advised in patients with acute heart failure, bronchial asthma, peptic ulceration, hypertension, urinary tract obstruction, Parkinson's disease and corneal abrasions' (§4.4)
Side effects
- Eye disorders - 'Burning, itching, smarting, blurring of vision, ciliary spasm, conjunctival vascular congestion, induced myopia, sensitisation of the lids and conjunctiva, reduced visual acuity in poor illumination, lens changes with chronic use, increased papillary block, retinal detachments and vitreous haemorrhages'
- Lacrimation
- Browache and headache - 'especially in younger patients who have just started therapy'
- Sweating, salivation
- Bradycardia
- Hypotension
- Pulmonary oedema, bronchial spasm
- Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
- Retinal detachment in susceptible individuals - 'Retinal detachments have been caused in susceptible individuals and those with pre-existing retinal disease' (§4.4)
Monitoring
- 'Retinal detachments have been caused in susceptible individuals and those with pre-existing retinal disease, therefore, fundus examination is advised in all patients prior to the initiation of therapy'
- 'Patients with chronic glaucoma on long-term pilocarpine therapy should have regular monitoring of intraocular pressure and visual fields'
- Watch for systemic cholinergic reactions in acute treatment - 'Systemic reactions rarely occur when treating chronic simple glaucoma at normal doses. However, in the treatment of acute closed-angle glaucoma the possibility of systemic reactions must be considered because of the higher doses given'
- Reduce systemic absorption at every instillation - occlude the lacrimal punctum, or compress the lacrimal sac at the medial canthus, for one minute during and after instillation; 'It is especially advisable in children'
- Avoid concurrent miotics - 'Concomitant administration of two miotics is not recommended because of inter-drug antagonism and the risk that unresponsiveness may develop to both drugs'
Clinical monograph
How it works
It directly stimulates muscarinic receptors to contract the ciliary muscle and iris sphincter, which opens the trabecular meshwork to increase aqueous outflow and produces pupil constriction.
Prescribing in practice
- In acute angle-closure glaucoma it is used as part of urgent specialist treatment to break the attack, and prompt ophthalmology input is essential to preserve sight.
- Ciliary muscle spasm can cause brow ache, headache and a myopic shift, and the small pupil may impair vision especially in dim light or where there is lens opacity.
- It should be used with caution in conditions where pupillary constriction is undesirable, such as some forms of secondary glaucoma and acute iritis.
Monitoring
Intraocular pressure and pupillary response are monitored to confirm the desired effect, with close review during treatment of acute angle closure.
Counselling the patient
- Your vision may be dim, particularly in low light, and you may notice brow ache or headache when starting treatment.
- Avoid driving at night or until you know how the drops affect your vision.
- Use the drops regularly as prescribed and do not stop without advice, as this helps control eye pressure.
Evidence & guidelines
Pilocarpine is a long-established miotic for glaucoma and acute angle closure, with its role detailed in ophthalmology guidance and the SPC.
Reference: NICE CG85; AAO Glaucoma guidelines; Drug verified in RxNorm (NLM); confirm dosing against the manufacturer SPC (eMC). Verify against your local formulary and current prescribing references before prescribing. The structured dose values shown have been reviewed by a clinician. Monograph status: clinician-reviewed (2026-07-04).
Related
Curated clinical cross-links plus same-class fallbacks.
- Acute Red Eye / Vision Loss Screen · RCOphth 2020; NICE CKS
- Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension · ABN; consensus 2018
- Acute Red Eye Assessment · RCOphth / AAO
- Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma · RCOphth / EGS Guidelines
- Retinal Detachment · RCOphth Guidelines / EURETINA
- Diabetic Retinopathy — Screening and Management · NICE NG28 2016 / NHS DES Programme